Tool-holding system for high-accuracy calibration of holes

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the field of toolings for high-accuracy finishing through-holes and non-through-holes, such as for example for calibration, lapping operations. More precisely the invention refers to a tool-holding system for high-accuracy calibration of the type comprising a driving shaft ( 2 ) and a driven shaft ( 3 ) mutually connected by two cardan joints ( 5 ) and that provides an external cylindrical body ( 6 ) supported through bearings ( 8 ) by said driving shaft ( 2 ). The cylindrical body or liner ( 6 ) is closed on its bottom side by a driving bush oscillating in a plane perpendicular to the driven shaft rotation axis; said oscillations being compensated by elastic means. Axial compensation means for driven shaft movements are also provided. The liner ( 6 ) forms a chamber ( 7 ) that is kept full of oil.

[0001] Object of the present invention is a tool-holding system for high-accuracy calibrating through-holes and non-through-holes.

[0002] This system, as for example a spindle does, must perform the function of rotating a high-accuracy calibrating tool placed on a driven shaft in a misaligned position with respect to a driving shaft of the system itself

[0003] Due to the above-mentioned misalignment of the driving shaft with respect to the drive shaft, two cardan joints must be inserted between said shafts.

[0004] As known, the insertion of cardan joints generates on the driven shaft transverse oscillating forces that are unacceptable for the type of working.

[0005] In fact, the present invention refers to those types of systems with various connections adapted to carry tools used for workings such as calibration and lapping or vertical holes, that imply reaching a micrometric accuracy degree on the order of a dimensional tolerance width equal to or included between IT1 and IT5 according to ISO system and geometric tolerances on the order of 2 μm of cylindricity and 1 μm of roundness and a surface roughness less than 0.2 Ra (approximate).

[0006] The above workings refer to processes for removing ferrous materials and not through abrasion.

[0007] In the following description the term “spindle” will be used for generically referring to any tool-holding system.

[0008] Through vertical-axis spindles with cardan joints currently known on the market, the required accuracy degree is not able to be reached due to vibrations induced both by working and by the cardan junction between the two shafts.

[0009] Moreover, resonance phenomena occur, that are triggered due to external forces, such as, for example, vibrations to which the spindle is subjected due to the driving motor; these are forced vibrations due to periodic thrusts.

[0010] Another great disturbance phenomenon is due to the precession motion, namely to the motion of a cylindrical body rotating around its own generatrix that continuously change its angle, with respect to a vertical line, due to the angular moment operating on the body (a typical example of precession motion being the one of a top whose-rotation axis is initially slanted with respect to the vertical).

[0011] In order to reduce the oscillation amplitude, an external cylindrical body or liner has been inserted, constrained through ball bearings to the driving shaft.

[0012] The cylindrical body is locked in its rotation by an external constraint secured to the fixed structure of the spindle-holding machine, while its vertical axial dragging is allowed with the driving shaft.

[0013] By inserting the external cylindrical body or liner, the oscillation amplitude has been reduced, but not in such a way as to comply with the above-required tolerances.

[0014] Object of the present invention is removing the above-mentioned inconveniences by providing a tool-holding system that is able to reach the above-required finishing degrees and in particular to reach radial movement values of the driven shaft equal to ±1-1.5 mm and axial movement values equal to ±10-15 degrees.

[0015] Only with the above-mentioned movement values a high-accuracy calibration with blocked workpiece can be reached.

[0016] These and other objects are fully reached by the tool-holding system for high-accuracy calibration of the present invention, that is characterised by the contents of the below-mentioned claims and in particular in that it comprises, in combination, a cylindrical body or liner wrapped around the joints and creating a chamber in which lubrication and cooling oil is kept, this chamber being closed on its bottom side by a driving bush oscillating in a plane perpendicular to the tool rotation axis. Compensation means for radial and axial oscillations of the tool-holding driven shaft are provided.

[0017] This and other features will be better pointed out by the following description of two preferred embodiments shown, as a purely non-limiting example, in the enclosed drawings, in which:

[0018]FIG. 1 shows the tool-holding system in a longitudinal section and according to a first embodiment;

[0019]FIG. 2 shows part of the driven shaft with the diagram of oscillations whose amplitude is contained within said driven shaft diameter;

[0020]FIG. 3 shows the tool-holding system in a longitudinal section and according to a second embodiment.

[0021] With reference to FIG. 1, reference 1 globally refers to a spindle body as a whole that provides for a driving shaft 2 and a driven shaft 3 on which, according to known techniques, a tool 4 is assembled that is composed, as an example, of an abrasive bush with different grain grades (for example a diamond bush or a boron nitride bush).

[0022] Generally the driven shaft can rotate along both directions. The driving shaft is connected to the driven shaft through two cardan joints 5.

[0023] Reference 6 shows another external cylindrical body or liner that is wrapped around the whole area occupied by the two cardan joints creating an annular chamber 7.

[0024] The cylindrical body 6 is connected and supported by the driving shaft through two bearings 8 and its rotation is prevented through a pipe 9 that is engaged into an hole 10 that communicates with the annular chamber 7.

[0025] Pipe 9, that is used to continuously supply lubrication and cooling oil to chamber 7, is kept secured to the machine structure, not shown, through a lock rod 16.

[0026] Cylindrical body 6 is closed on its bottom side by a driving sliding bush 11 that is housed in a cylindrical body recess 13.

[0027] The driven shaft driving bush is compensated by a plurality of springs 12 that exert radial elastic thrusts onto said bush.

[0028] More precisely the driving bush 11 is free of moving on the orthogonal plane to the tool rotation axis, but is kept in position, in the above-described embodiment, by four springs 12 which can be calibrated according to needs.

[0029] All cardan joints and driven shaft assembly can then radially float and oscillations are compensated by radial compensating means composed of the four springs.

[0030] Axial compensating means are also provided vertically and are composed of a further helical spring 14 placed over the upper cardan joint.

[0031] Function of oil in chamber 7, in addition of operating for lubrifying and cooling all moving members, is hydraulically dampening the oscillating movements.

[0032] As can be noted from FIG. 2, with the above-described tool-holding system, it has been possible to greatly reduce the oscillation amplitudes, shown by curve 15, that are, contained within the driven shaft diameter.

[0033] With reference to FIG. 3, in case an expansion tool 17 is assembled on driven shaft 2, a supplementary double cardan joint 18 is also provided, as an articulation instrument, placed along the central spindle body and coaxial with driven shaft 2 that carries the tool, in order to guarantee the correct oscillation dampening.

[0034] This solution, technically equivalent to the previous one, provides for a stabilising cylindrical body 19 that carries the four springs 12 exerting radial thrusts. The stabilising cylindrical body, kept fixed, is supported by a rotating cylindrical body or liner 21 through the two bearings 20.

[0035] Obviously numerous modifications and variations could be provided, all falling within the scope of the claims below, such as for example the number of springs can be different from the described one, as well as elastic thrusts can also be exerted by other means such as small blocks made of rubber or other synthetic elastic material or compressed-air cylinders, etc.

[0036] The type of used springs could be different, such as for example Belleville washers or other types of springs.

[0037] With the above-described tool-holding system, numerous advantages are obtained, in addition to the one of reaching a finishing and accuracy degree that was not able to be reached previously with cardan joint spindles, such as for example:

[0038] it is possible to make blind holes too;

[0039] reduction of tooling times and costs;

[0040] correct balancing neutralization for moving masses to be worked;

[0041] reduced length encumbrances with respect to the vertical working axis. 

1. Tool-holding system of the type comprising a driving shaft (2) connected through cardan joints (5) to a driven shaft carrying a tool (4) characterised in that it comprises in combination: an external cylindrical body or liner (6) that is wrapped around a cardan joint area and creates a chamber (7), closed on its bottom side by a driving bush (11) of the driven shaft and oscillating in a plane perpendicular to a rotation axis of said driven shaft, said chamber being supplied by lubricating and cooling oil; elastic means for compensating radial oscillations of the driven shaft adapted to keep the driving bush (11) in position; axial compensating means adapted to compensate vertical movements of the driven shaft.
 2. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that it comprises at least one bearing (8) keyed onto the driving shaft and supporting the cylindrical body (6) kept fixed when rotating.
 3. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that the radial compensating elastic means are composed of a plurality of springs (12) that are uniformly arranged along the cylindrical body thickness and are adapted to operate on the driving bush.
 4. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that the axial compensating means are composed of a spring (14) placed between driven shaft and driving shaft over the upper cardan joint or on the bush.
 5. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that both axial compensating means and radial compensating means are able to be calibrated
 6. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that it comprises a working oil supply pipe into the chamber (7) that also operates as rotation-locking member for the cylindrical body (6).
 7. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that radial compensating means, axial compensating means and oil in chamber (7) together operate so that the driven shaft oscillation has such an amplitude as to be contained within the driven shaft diameter.
 8. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that supplementary cardan joints (18) are provided, placed along the driven shaft (2) carrying the tool in case of an expansion tool.
 9. Tool-holding system according to claim 1 characterised in that it comprises at least one bearing (20) keyed onto a cylindrical body or liner (21) rotating and supporting a fixed stabilising cylindrical body (19) carrying the elastic compensating means for radial oscillations. 